Cancer vaccine development faces significant challenges due to the similarity of neoantigens to normal proteins, hindering effective targeting. Despite some early successes, especially with Moderna's mRNA therapies, the field lacks systematic benchmarking and predictive algorithms, leading to inconsistent outcomes. Emerging technologies and innovative approaches are needed to improve the design and efficacy of future cancer vaccines.

CAR-T cell therapy, a groundbreaking immunotherapy successfully used to treat leukemia, has evolved since its initial approval, but challenges remain in treating solid tumors and managing treatment toxicity. New therapies, including radiopharmaceuticals and therapeutic cancer vaccines, are emerging and show promise in overcoming these challenges, with ongoing clinical trials aiming to improve cancer treatment outcomes.